Last updated 7/9/2020

Aberth, John. From the Brink of the Apocalypse: Confronting Famine, War, Plague, and Death in the Later Middle Ages. New York: Routledge, 2000.

———. Plagues in World History. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2011.

Agnellus, of Ravenna Abbot, and Deborah Mauskopf Deliyannis. Agnelli Ravennatis Liber Pontificalis Ecclesiae Ravennatis Turnhout: Brepols, 2006.

Alexander, John T. Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health & Urban Disaster. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.

Alfani, Guido. “The Effects of Plague on the Distribution of Property: Ivrea, Northern Italy 1630.” Population Studies 64, no. 1 (2010): 61-75.

Alfani, Guido, and Tommy E. Murphy. “Plague and Lethal Epidemics in the Pre-Industrial World.” the Journal of economic History 77, no. 1 (2017): 314-43.

Alfani, Guido, and Marco Percoco. “Plague and Long‐Term Development: The Lasting Effects of the 1629–30 Epidemic on the Italian Cities.” The Economic History Review 72, no. 4 (2019): 1175-201.

Almond, Ian. “Leibniz, Historicism, and the “Plague of Islam”.” Eighteenth-Century Studies 39, no. 4 (2006): 463-83.

Andam, Cheryl P., Colin J. Worby, Qiuzhi Chang, and Michael G. Campana. “Microbial Genomics of Ancient Plagues and Outbreaks.” Trends in microbiology 24, no. 12 (2016): 978-90.

Andrianaivoarimanana, Voahangy, Katharina Kreppel, Nohal Elissa, Jean-Marc Duplantier, Elisabeth Carniel, Minoarisoa Rajerison, and Ronan Jambou. “Understanding the Persistence of Plague Foci in Madagascar.” PLoS neglected tropical diseases 7, no. 11 (2013): e2382.

Antoine, Daniel. “The Archaeology of “Plague”.” [In eng]. Medical history. Supplement, no. 27 (2008): 101-14.

Antoniou, Ioannis, and Anastasios K. Sinakos. “The Sixth-Century Plague, Its Repeated Appearance until 746 Ad and the Explosion of the Rabaul Volcano.” Byzantinische Zeitschrift 98, no. 1 (2005): 1-4.

———. “The Sixth-Century Plague, Its Repeated Appearance until 746 Ad and the Explosion of the Rabaul Volcano.” Byzantinische Zeitschrift 98, no. 1 (2005): 1-4.

Ari, Tamara Ben, Alexander Gershunov, Kenneth L Gage, Tord Snäll, Paul Ettestad, Kyrre L Kausrud, and Nils Chr Stenseth. “Human Plague in the USA: The Importance of Regional and Local Climate.” Biology letters 4, no. 6 (2008): 737-40.

Ari, Tamara Ben, Simon Neerinckx, Kenneth L Gage, Katharina Kreppel, Anne Laudisoit, Herwig Leirs, and Nils Chr Stenseth. “Plague and Climate: Scales Matter.” PLoS pathogens 7, no. 9 (2011): e1002160.

Ari, Tamara Ben, Simon Neerinckx, Kenneth L. Gage, Katharina Kreppel, Anne Laudisoit, Herwig Leirs, and Nils Chr Stenseth. “Plague and Climate: Scales Matter.” PLoS pathogens 7, no. 9 (2011): e1002160.

———. “Plague and Climate: Scales Matter.” PLoS pathogens 7, no. 9 (2011): e1002160.

Bachrach, Bernard S. “Plague, Population, and Economy in Merovingian Gaul.” Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association 3 (2007): 29.

Bagnall, Roger S. “The Antonine Plague Returns.” Journal of Roman Archaeology 26 (2013): 714-17.

Bagnall, Roger S. “The Effects of Plague: Model and Evidence.”  (2002).

Bagnall, Roger S. “P. Oxy. 4527 and the Antonine Plague in Egypt: Death or Flight?”. Journal of Roman Archaeology 13 (2000): 288-92.

Baltazard, M., M. Bahmanyar, P. Mostachfi, M. Eftekhari, and Ch. Mofidi. “Recherches Sur La Peste En Iran.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 23, no. 2-3 (1960): 141-55.

Baltazard, M., and B. Seydian. “Enquête Sur Les Conditions De La Peste Au Moyen-Orient.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 23, no. 2-3 (1960): 157-67.

Barbieri, Rémi, M. Drancourt, and D. Raoult. “Plague, Camels, and Lice.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 16 (2019): 7620-21.

Barbieri, Remi, Rania Mekni, Anthony Levasseur, Eric Chabriere, Michel Signoli, Stefan Tzortzis, Gerard Aboudharam, and Michel Drancourt. “Paleoproteomics of the Dental Pulp: The Plague Paradigm.” PloS one 12, no. 7 (2017).

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Barker, Sheila. “Poussin, Plague, and Early Modern Medicine.” The Art Bulletin 86, no. 4 (2004): 659-89.

Barrett, Thomas, Paul-Pierre Pastoret, William P Taylor, Gordon Scott, and Alain Provost. Rinderpest and Peste Des Petits Ruminants: Virus Plagues of Large and Small Ruminants. Burlington, MA: Academic, 2006.

Barrett, Thomas, and Paul-Pierre Barrett Rossiter. “Rinderpest: The Disease and Its Impact on Humans and Animals.” Advances in Virus Research 53 (1999): 89-110.

Barton, A. “Plagues and Contagions in Antiquity.” Journal of the AMerican Veterinary Medicine Association 129, no. 11 (1956): 503-5.

Benedictow, Ole. What Disease Was Plague?: On the Controversy over the Microbiological Identity of Plague Epidemics of the Past. Brill, 2011.

Benedictow, Ole Jørgen. “5 the Spread of the Black Death in Norway: Revisionists, Spread Rates, Alternative Microbiological Theories and the Role of Mutation: Discussion with Kåre Lunden and Lars Walløe.” In The Black Death and Later Plague Epidemics in the Scandinavian Countries:, edited by Ole Jørgen Benedictow, 307-43: Sciendo Migration, 2016.

———. The Black Death, 1346–1353: The Complete History. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2004.

Benedictow, Ole J. The Black Death: 1346-1353. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: Boydell, 2004.

Benedictow, Ole J. “Morbidity in Historical Plague Epidemics.” Population Studies 41, no. 3 (1987): 401-31.

Benedictow, Ole Jørgen. “Morbidity in Historical Plague Epidemics.” Population Studies 41, no. 3 (1987): 401-31.

Benovitz, Nancy. “The Justinianic Plague: Evidence from the Dated Greek Epitaphs of Byzantine Palestine and Arabia.” Journal of Roman Archaeology 27 (2014): 487-98.

Bergolt, Klaus. Der Schwarze Tod in Europa: Die Grosse Pest Und Das Ende Des Mittelalters. Munich: C. H. Beck, 1994.

Bianucci, Raffaella, Lila Rahalison, Alberto Peluso, Emma Rabino Massa, Ezio Ferroglio, Michel Signoli, Jean-Yves Langlois, and Véronique Gallien. “Plague Immunodetection in Remains of Religious Exhumed from Burial Sites in Central France.” Journal of Archaeological Science 36, no. 3 (2009): 616-21.

Bilich, Richard Christian. “Climate Change and the Great Plague Pandemics of History: Causal Link between Global Climate Fluctuations and Yersinia Pestis Contagion?”, University of New Orleans, 2007.

Biraben, J. N. “Rapport: La Peste Du Vie Siecle Dans L’empire Byzantin.” In Hommes Et Richesses Dans L’empire Byzantin, edited by Catherine Abadie-Reynal, Claude Lepelley, Roland Delmaire and Jean-Charles Balty, 120-25. Paris: Lethielleux, 1989.

Biraben, Jean-Nodl, and Jacques Le Goff. “The Plague in the Early Middle Ages.” In Biology of Man in History: Selections from the Annales: Economics, Sociétés, Civilisations, 48-80, 1975.

Blancou, Jean. Histoire De La Surveillance Et Du Contrôle Des Maladies Animales Transmissibles. Office international des épizooties2000.

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Blocker, Ariel, Kaoru Komoriya, and Shin-Ichi Aizawa. “Type Iii Secretion Systems and Bacterial Flagella: Insights into Their Function from Structural Similarities.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, no. 6 (2003): 3027-30.

Bollet, Alfred Jay. Plagues and Poxes: The Impact of Human History on Epidemic Disease. New York: Demos Health, 2004.

Bonds, Matthew H, Mohammed A Ouenzar, Andres Garchitorena, Laura F Cordier, Meg G McCarty, Michael L Rich, Benjamin Andriamihaja, Justin Haruna, and Paul E Farmer. “Madagascar Can Build Stronger Health Systems to Fight Plague and Prevent the Next Epidemic.” PLoS neglected tropical diseases 12, no. 1 (2018): e0006131.

Bonhomme, François, Eric Rivals, Annie Orth, Gemma R. Grant, Alec J. Jeffreys, and Philippe R. J. Bois. “Species-Wide Distribution of Highly Polymorphic Minisatellite Markers Suggests Past and Present Genetic Exchanges among House Mouse Subspecies.” Genome Biology 8, no. 5 (05/14

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Boroda, Krzysztof. “Plague and Changes in Medieval European Society and Economy in the 14th and 15th Centuries.” The Journal of Arts and Science 10, no. 1 (2008): 49-58.

Bramanti, Barbara, Amine Namouchi, Boris V. Schmid, Katharine R. Dean, and Nils Chr Stenseth. “Reply to Barbieri Et Al.: Out of the Land of Darkness: Plague on the Fur Trade Routes.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 16 (2019): 7622-23.

Bray, R.S. Armies of Pestilence: The Impact of Disease on History New York: Barnes & Noble, 2000.

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Bruun, Christer. “The Antonine Plague and the ‘Third-Century Crisis’.” In Crises and the Roman Empire, 201-17: Brill, 2007.

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Burroughs, Tom, Stacey Knobler, and Joshua Lederberg. The Emergence of Zoonotic Diseases: Understanding the Impact on Animal and Human Health. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2002.

Butler, Thomas. “Plague Gives Surprises in the First Decade of the 21st Century in the United States and Worldwide.” The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 89, no. 4 (2013): 788-93.

Butler, T. “Plague History: Yersin’s Discovery of the Causative Bacterium in 1894 Enabled, in the Subsequent Century, Scientific Progress in Understanding the Disease and the Development of Treatments and Vaccines.” Clinical Microbiology and Infection 20, no. 3 (2014/03/01/ 2014): 202-09.

Callow, Chris, and Charles Evans. “The Mystery of Plague in Medieval Iceland.” Journal of Medieval History 42, no. 2 (2016): 254-84.

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Carroll, Serena A, Brian H Bird, Pierre E Rollin, and Stuart T Nichol. “Ancient Common Ancestry of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55, no. 3 (2010): 1103-10.

Cavanaugh, Dan C., and John D. Marshall Jr. “The Influence of Climate on the Seasonal Prevalence of Plague in the Republic of Vietnam.” Journal of Wildlife Diseases 8, no. 1 (1972): 85-94.

Chanteau, Suzanne, Lala Ratsifasoamanana, Bruno Rasoamanana, Lila Rahalison, Jean Randriambelosoa, Jean Roux, and Dieudonné Rabeson. “Plague, a Reemerging Disease in Madagascar.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 4, no. 1 (1998): 101.

Cheke, Anthony. “The Timing of Arrival of Humans and Their Commensal Animals on Western Indian Ocean Oceanic Islands.” Phelsuma 18 (2010): 38-69.

Cipolla, Carlo M. Cristofano and the Plague: A Study in the History of Public Health in the Age of Galileo. Univ of California Press, 1973.

Cohn Jr, Samuel J. . “The Black Death: End of a Paradigm.” American Historical Review 107, no. 3 (2002): 703-38.

Cohn Jr, Samuel K. “Epidemiology of the Black Death and Successive Waves of Plague.” Medical History. Supplement, no. 27 (2008): 74-100.

Cohn, Samuel Kline. Cultures of Plague: Medical Thinking at the End of the Renaissance. Oxford University Press, 2010.

Cohn, S.K., and L.T. Weaver. “The Black Death and Aids: Ccr5-Δ32 in Genetics and History.” QJM 99, no. 8 (2006): 497-503.

Conrad, L. “Taun and Waba: Conceptions of Plague and Pestilence in Early Islam.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 25, no. 3 (1982): 268-307.

Conrad, Lawrence I. “Arabic Plague Chronologies and Treatises: Social and Historical Factors in the Formation of a Literary Genre.” Studia islamica  (1981): 51-93.

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Conrad, L.I. “Epidemic Disease in Central Syria in the Late Sixth Century.  Some New Insights from the Verse of Hassan Ibn Thabit.” Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 18 (1994): 12-58.

Conrad, Lawrence I. The Plague in the Early Medieval near East. Princeton University, 1981.

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D’Arrigo, Rosanne, David Frank, Gordon Jacoby, and Neil Pederson. “Spatial Response to Major Volcanic Events in or About Ad 536, 934 and 1258: Frost Rings and Other Dendrochronological Evidence from Mongolia and Northern Siberia: Comment on Rb Stothers,‘Volcanic Dry Fogs, Climate Cooling, and Plague Pandemics in Europe and the Middle East’(Climatic Change, 42, 1999).” Climatic Change 49, no. 1-2 (2001): 239-46.

———. “Spatial Response to Major Volcanic Events in or About Ad 536, 934 and 1258: Frost Rings and Other Dendrochronological Evidence from Mongolia and Northern Siberia: Comment on Rb Stothers,‘Volcanic Dry Fogs, Climate Cooling, and Plague Pandemics in Europe and the Middle East’(Climatic Change, 42, 1999).” Climatic Change 49, no. 1-2 (2001): 239-46.

Dean, Katharine R., Fabienne Krauer, Lars Walløe, Ole Christian Lingjærde, Barbara Bramanti, Nils Chr Stenseth, and Boris V. Schmid. “Human Ectoparasites and the Spread of Plague in Europe During the Second Pandemic.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 6 (2018): 1304-09.

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Dols, Michael W. “Plague in Early Islamic History.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 94, no. 3 (1974): 371-83.

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Drancourt, M., V. Roux, L.V. Dang, L.  Tran-Hung, D Castex, and et al Chenal-Francisque V. “Genotyping, Orientalis-Like Yersinia Pestis, and Plague Pandemics.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 10, no. 9 (2004): 1585-92.

Drancourt, Michel, Véronique Roux, Lam Tran-Hung La Vu Dang, Dominique Castex, Viviane Chenal-Francisque, Hiroyuki Ogata, Pierre-Edouard Fournier, Eric Crubézy, and Didier Raoult. “Genotyping, Orientalis-Like Yersinia Pestis, and Plague Pandemics.” Emerging infectious diseases 10, no. 9 (2004): 1585.

Drancourt, Michel, Michel Signoli, Bruno Bizot La Vu Dang, Véronique Roux, Stéfan Tzortzis, and Didier Raoult. “Yersinia Pestis Orientalis in Remains of Ancient Plague Patients.” Emerging infectious diseases 13, no. 2 (2007): 332.

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Duffin, Christopher J. “Nathaniel Hodges (1629–1688): Plague Doctor.” Journal of Medical Biography 24, no. 1 (2016): 30-35.

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Eisenberg, Merle, and Lee Mordechai. “The Justinianic Plague: An Interdisciplinary Review.” Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 43, no. 2 (2019): 156-80.

———. “The Justinianic Plague: An Interdisciplinary Review.” Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 43, no. 2 (2019): 156-80.

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Fears, J. Rufus. “The Plague under Marcus Aurelius and the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.” Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 18, no. 1 (3// 2004): 65-77.

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Haldon, John, Hugh Elton, Sabine R. Huebner, Adam Izdebski, Lee Mordechai, and Timothy P. Newfield. “Plagues, Climate Change, and the End of an Empire. A Response to Kyle Harper’s the Fate of Rome (2): Plagues and a Crisis of Empire.” History Compass 16, no. 12 (2018/12/01 2018): e12506.

———. “Plagues, Climate Change, and the End of an Empire: A Response to Kyle Harper’s the Fate of Rome (1): Climate.” History Compass 16, no. 12 (2018/12/01 2018): e12508.

———. “Plagues, Climate Change, and the End of an Empire: A Response to Kyle Harper’s the Fate of Rome (3): Disease, Agency, and Collapse.” History Compass 16, no. 12 (2018/12/01 2018): e12507.

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Harper, Kyle. The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017.

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———. “Pandemics and Passages to Late Antiquity: Rethinking the Plague of C. 249–270 Described by Cyprian.” Journal of Roman Archaeology 28 (2015): 223-60.

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Hashemi Shahraki, Abdolrazagh, Elizabeth Carniel, and Ehsan Mostafavi. “Plague in Iran: Its History and Current Status.” Epidemiology and Health 38 (07/24

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